It’s hard to believe that we’re beginning to see signs of the holidays rapidly approaching. With this also comes plentiful advertising for Black Friday and Cyber Monday. In a day and age of Marie Kondo and greater awareness around spending time and money on experiences and purchases in alignment with your value system, I’d suggest considering putting a 529 contribution on the list of gifts for this holiday season.
What is a 529 Account?
A 529 plan is a tax advantaged account to be used for educational purposes. 529 Plans came onto the scene in 1996 are named after Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code. Similar to a Roth IRA, the earnings in a 529 plan grow tax deferred and distributions are free of federal and state income taxes if used for qualified higher education expenses. In 2015 the definition of higher education expenses was expanded to include computers and in 2017 to include up to $10K annually in K-12 tuition. While withdrawals for K-12 tuition are Federally tax free, California does not currently conform so a 10% penalty and tax is owed on the growth component for K-12 distributions up to $10K.
To Whom Can I Give The Gift Of Education?
While traditionally folks think about funding 529 plans for their children, this can also be a great gift for grandchildren, nieces and nephews, and godchildren. As part of my own value system, I have made a commitment to giving gifts of experiences or education, so I’ve started to give the gift of a 529 plan at baby showers for the benefit of friend’s children. In a sea of gifts, this can stand out and will be with the child over many years. It’s also one where you can incorporate as an annual tradition, providing additional funding in future years on key dates like birthdays or each holiday season.
Open A New Account or Contribute to An Existing Account?
Shortly after clients have children, I often get the question “my parents or in-laws would like to help in starting a 529 account. Should they open a separate account, or contribute to a 529 account that we open for our child?”. The answer is, it depends!
There can be ease in maintaining just one account where all contributions are aggregated. However, of note for FAFSA financial aid purposes, assets in a 529 with parents as the owners do need to be listed as an asset of the parents and disclosed on the FAFSA form. Any 529 distributions from plans (with grandparent or other owners) for the benefit of the student are considered 50% income in calculating financial aid qualification (example: grandparent owns the 529, initial balances won’t be included for financial aid purposes, once distributions start as early as Freshman year, 50% of distribution will be considered as child’s income for calculating financial aid in subsequent years. If the balance is only used Senior year, this may not come into play at all IF there was any eligibility for student aid during school – keep in mind this is needs based student aid).
If there are multiple 529 accounts for the benefit of one child (example: 1 account with parents as owners and 1 account with godparent as owner), many of the 529 plans do allow for multiple accounts to be combined using an “internal transfer” process as long as the beneficiary is the same. Check with the specific state plan provider for additional guidance.
What State Plan is The Best?
Find the plan that’s right for you – saving for college is a fantastic resource for comparing different state plans side-by-side https://www.savingforcollege.com/. Some states do offer a tax deduction for contributions to your own state plan, though California does not offer a deduction for contributions to a California plan so understanding which state plan(s) fit the criteria you’re looking for is important. Some of the criteria to consider: does your state offer a tax deduction, solid investment fund options, low cost funds, low cost plan fees, higher overall maximum lifetime contribution limits.
Note, if grandparents or family members making the contribution live in a state that offers a state income tax deduction, some states will offer the deduction regardless of which plan they contribute to and do not need to be the account owner to receive the deduction. Consult a CPA for further clarification based on your specific circumstances.
How Much Should I Fund – It’s Not An All or Nothing Gift
While 529 accounts do offer a special provision enabling you to forward gift 5 years of the annual $15K gift allowance (5 years x $15K = $75K per giftor or $150K from a set of grandparents or godparents), you can start with as little as $50 or $100. With the high cost of education today, each dollar counts. The initial opening and funding of the account can often be just the start.
How Do You Invest The Funds?
These types of education savings accounts offer both static investment options as well as age based. Static is where you pick a fund, or a mix of funds, and then the dollars stay in that particular investment over the full duration of the account unless you make a change. The benefit is you can build your own asset allocation. The downside is if you start with a heavy stock allocation when the child is young, unless you make a change, the investment selection may be more aggressive than desired as the child approaches college age. Age based options for 529 accounts are similar to Target Based funds in company retirement plans. The allocation is based on the child’s age, starting more aggressive when young and automatically adjusting to be more conservative as the child nears college age. Under Federal regulation 529, plans only allow up to 2 investment changes per calendar year (including “rebalancing”). Using an age based option can be compelling if you’re not actively monitoring the account throughout the year.
What if Something Changes Down The Road?
Circumstances do change, and down the road if the beneficiary ends up not going to college or doesn’t use the funds, the owner of the plan can change the beneficiary. A new beneficiary can be named, provided they are directly related to the original beneficiary (parents, stepparents, siblings, step-siblings, in-laws, children, step-children, and first cousins), or you can leave the assets invested in the plan for later use.
Giving the gift of education this holiday season may be just the start for someone special in your life!
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